Borgohain defeated event favourite Ziyi Bao of China by unanimous decision to clinch the gold medal and add another major title to her decorated career.
She became the first Indian woman boxer since Mary Kom to win an Asian Games gold medal since 2014.
Borgohain reached the gold-medal bout after setting a personal milestone, becoming the first Indian woman boxer to reach consecutive Asian Games finals.
She had settled for a bronze medal at the Hangzhou Asian Games in the previous edition.
On her way to the final, the Tokyo Olympic bronze medallist registered a dominant 5-0 unanimous decision victory over South Korea's Seong Suyeon in the quarterfinals. She then edged past reigning world champion Natalya Bogdanova of Kazakhstan 3-2 via split decision in a closely contested semifinal.
Known for her technical skills and sharp boxing, Borgohain has already won medals at the Olympic Games, World Championships, Asian Games and Asian Championships. Her gold in Nagoya adds another significant achievement to her growing list of accolades.
Her victory also marked India's 12th gold medal at the ongoing edition of the Asian Games.